Hermite beam generalized eigenvalue · NCHRP 343 · Davisson & Robinson (1965)

Buckling of piles, with the soil actually in the model.

The first elastic buckling eigenvalue of a finite beam on explicit linear Winkler support — with partial embedment, variable EI, selectable head/tip restraint, and convergence evidence on every run.

Slender piles through weak or missing support can buckle under axial load — micropiles, piles affected by scour, and piles extended above grade are the usual suspects. Davisson's classical treatments idealize the support with constant or linearly increasing Winkler modulus; this tool makes that linearization explicit rather than silently converting nonlinear p-y curves.

PileCalc assembles the elastic bending, Winkler, and geometric-stiffness matrices and solves their smallest positive generalized eigenvalue. It supports finite length, unsupported stick-up, sectioned or tapered EI through the API, and four explicit restraint states at either end. The response includes a signed eigenmode, eigen residual, and an independent half-resolution mesh comparison.

True generalized eigenvalue

Solves (Kb + Ks)φ = Pcr·Kgφ directly, with no perturbation or amplification cutoff.

Explicit end restraints

Free, rotation-fixed, pinned, and fully fixed conditions are independently selectable at head and tip.

Finite partial embedment

Unsupported stick-up and every section, ground, and soil interface are represented directly in the mesh.

Convergence reported

Every accepted result includes eigen residual and fine-versus-coarse mesh agreement.

Validated against published benchmarks

Every figure below is produced by the engine on the cited published problem — closed-form solutions, design-manual tables, or independent codes — and reproduced by the test suite on every release.

Hermite-beam generalized eigenvalue on a linear Winkler foundation

QuantityPileCalcReferenceAgreement
Free-end critical load Pcr = √(k·EI), long strut on uniform foundationDavisson constant-modulus formulation; independently evaluated closed form1.000002·√(k·EI)√(k·EI)0.00018%
Partially embedded pile: EI=8.38×10⁹ lb·in², 20-ft stick-up, T=84 inDavisson & Robinson (1965), application example, p. 246; republished method basis in NCHRP Report 343 §4.1.1.2540,285 lb540,000 lb0.053%
See the full per-tool validation report

The numbers, published

PileCalc's engine is checked term-by-term against the reference codes. A representative sample of the benchmarks — every intermediate value is visible in the app so you can reproduce them yourself.

Free-head pile (EI 1.43×10⁶, D 1 m, L 24.4 m)Liang et al. (2014) exact solution / RSPile
Max moment
792.2 kN·m
792.1 kN·m (exact)
within 0.1%
Fixed-head pile (EI 1.43×10⁶, D 1 m, L 24.4 m)Liang et al. (2014) exact solution / RSPile
Head moment
−581.1 kN·m
−581.0 kN·m (exact)
within 0.1%
Cantilever pile (EI 320, D 0.1 m, L 5.25 m)Liang et al. (2014) exact solution / RSPile
Head deflection
8.75 mm
8.750 mm (exact)
within 0.1%
Cantilever pile (EI 320, D 0.1 m, L 5.25 m)Liang et al. (2014) exact solution / RSPile
Max moment
2.335 kN·m
2.334 kN·m (exact)
within 0.1%
Circular pile, API sand (D 0.5 m, L 10 m, H 100 kN)RSPile verification manual
Deflection & moment profile
RSPile 2018 problems #1/#2/#8/#15
chart-reading tolerance
within 1–3%
Steel pile, multi-layer slope stabilization (17 m)RSPile / TZPile / LPile
Lateral resistance
607 kN
582 kN
within ~4%
Read how we validate — and why against two independent codes

Pile buckling: common questions

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